Coverage with Evidence Development (CED) is a form of gated entry for new technologies into the healthcare payment system.* The program is most commonly associated with Medicare and, at least until recently, has been uncommon with commercial payers. Medicare has formal rules for this process and grants national CED through the NCD process. See the CMS home page for the process here, which lists subpages for 23 topics in CED.
MolDx CDD Rises
Since early in its program, MolDx has offered "Coverage with Data Development" or CDD. For a period, all LCDs that included this feature had the term in their titles. See a 2015 slide describing four prostate test CDD programs here.
For a more recent example, see the Fall 2017 LCD for the Allosure transplant donor DNA test, which lists expected ongoing evidence rules, and these foot closely to a ClinicalTrial.gov registry.**
CDD Totters
However, over the last several years, CMS central has taken the position that "MACs can't do CED, it can only be done via an NCD,"*** and the differences between CED and CDD were sometimes subtle.
In the past year, we sometimes heard the MolDx term "COA," an LCD with coverage granted on the condition of specified ongoing evidence generation and assessment - coverage with ongoing assessment.
CDD Falls
MolDx Publication M00106 is its "MolDx Coverage, Coding, and Pricing Standards and Requirements," currently a 15-page PDF file....here. Version 24, July 27, removed the term "CDD" from the possible outcomes of its LCD review process (other outcomes are coverage, non-coverage).
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Scope of CED/CDD
The scope of programs can be large. The AlloSure kidney rejection CDD study, if it's all Medicare patients, is online at ClinicalTrials.gov for 300 patients getting (7 first year and 4 second year) tests, or 300X11 or 3,300 tests; ad 700 patients getting (7 first year, 4 second year, 4 third year) tests, or 700X15, or 10,500 tests, or 13,800 tests. At circa $2500 that is $33.7M (I don't know if all tests would meet LCD criteria). About 1/3 of that $33M would presumably be paid by Medicare Advantage plans which have to provide coverage matched to the LCD.
Last fall, CMS proposed CED with monthly RECIST imaging scans for PFS in a large number (>100,000) Medicare oncology patients getting gene panel testing. At $3,500 per test, that would be $350M per year in test costs, and at $1000/RECIST scan x 10 months, $1B in imaging costs.
The Third Door: National Investigational Device Studies with CMS Coverage
One often thinks of coverage with evidence development as either the NCD route (as shown above) or the MolDx CDD route (no longer exists). However, a third path is having an Investigational Device Exemption from FDA for the diagnostic test, using it in a clinical trial that meets Category B Clinical Trial criteria. CMS reviews the protocol nationally and then grants coverage for devices (tests) used in the trial. CMS IDE page here.
I don't think the IDE/Cat B/Diagnostic testing route to test payment has been used much, but it has been used (here).
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* I've assembled some articles suggesting that the first equivalent of staged entry and CED was actual 1980 rulemaking for heart transplants; here.
** Current Allosure LCD here. COA or CDD section of that LCD (as of 8/2018) also archived here. ClinicalTrials.gov here.
*** The origin of CED is 1862(a)(1)(E) which provides CMS the authority to fund research necessary for the purposes of AHRQ (e.g. for the purpose of improving healthcare in the U.S.). I am not an attorney, but from the relevant CED Medicare statute 1862(a), I can't tell why CED would necessarily be restricted only to CMS central office and not to LCDs. Many adjacent bulleted items here in this area of statute, before and after (1)(E), are defined in whole or in part by MACs.
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CDD still appears as of August 15, 2018, in the MolDx webpage M00104 V2, here (archive here).